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Fictional Languages in Film:
The Linguists Behind Na’vi, Sindarin, Klingon and Ulam

Among the ten films nominated for the Best Picture Oscar, one prompted a lot of discussion amongst language professionals: James Cameron’s Avatar, which features the fictional language, Na’vi. In honor of the linguistic work in Avatar, Beyond Words has compiled a shortlist of films that feature invented languages, and a brief discussion of the linguistic research behind each one:

Paul Frommer’s Na’vi Language

For the indigenous Na’vi of the planet Pandora, James Cameron wanted to create a “complete and consistent” language that sounded both pleasing and alien, but was learnable by the human actors who would be required to speak it. He created a list of 30 base words that encompassed the “smooth and appealing” sound that he envisioned for the Na’vi language, and then passed that list on to linguist Paul Frommer.

Frommer, in turn, presented Cameron with three distinct phonetic structures: one tonal, one using different vowel lengths, and one using ejectives. The director chose the ejective structure and from there, Frommer created the 1,000-word language. Na’vi incorporates morphology and syntax from many existing languages, such as the infixes of Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages, and the tripartite language system of the Wangkumara people. In a recent interview, Frommer describes his thought process behind the language’s creation.

The hardest part of Na’vi, according to Avatar star Zoe Saldana, wasn’t speaking the language itself, but speaking English with a Na’vi accent. “It would always sound like Queens.”


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Interview with Translator Aaron Maddox:
Paths to Success in Translation Part II

This week’s Paths to Success in Translation post is an interview with translator Aaron Maddox.

Aaron translates from German and Spanish into English, and is also often engaged to proofread translations in any combination of those three languages. He also has a passion for the delightful, yet less practical Bavarian and Catalan. Over the past eight years, he has studied and worked in Barcelona, Berlin, Cologne, Munich, Passau, Sevilla, and Valencia.

Aaron had the fortune of being surrounded by Latin American cultural influences while growing up in the United States. Although translating has been a permanent part of his professional life since moving to Europe in 2000, he first became an accomplished trumpet player, dabbled in politics, and entered private enterprise before deciding to dedicate himself to translating full-time.

Why did you become a translator? What language combination(s) do you translate?

I began studying translation as a means to improve my language skills. I decided to pursue it as a profession as I found my fascination with the intellectual challenges of communicating across cultures grew with each new class and internship.

I translate into English, with German and Spanish being the main source languages. I’ll occasionally work with Catalan, and had a great summer internship that involved interpreting Bavarian, as well.

What kind of training did you pursue to become a translator?

I did extensive coursework in Translation Studies at the University of Passau, the Free University of Berlin, and the University of Valencia. I enjoyed excellent instruction at all three institutions. Also while a student, I did internships in various bilingual offices, such as an automotive supplier, an arts festival, and an international broadcaster. All of those internships provided me with valuable guidance and practical experience.

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Paths to Success in Translation: Interview with Translator Mary Maloof-Fleck

Since last year, all of us at Beyond Words have worked hard to provide a fun and useful resource for language lovers and professionals.

In between the fun language articles, we occasionally offer advice on how to become a professional translator, and we try to deliver some context on the history of translation, as well as some of the trials and tribulations that translators face.

If you are thinking about embarking on a translation career, we’d like to offer this new series as a useful reference.

Paths to Success in Translation

The Paths to Success series will serve you interviews with professional translators, guides to the best schools and certification programs, and advice for translators at every level. We hope you enjoy it, and find it useful.

With this first of our Paths to Success interviews, we turn to Mary C. Maloof-Fleck for her point of view on what it takes to make a successful translation career. (Hint: In Mary’s case, it has already involved the State Department, wine, dental surgery and a particularly surly gang member.)

Mary translates Spanish, French, and Portuguese into English. She resides in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. With 15 years of experience in the language services industry, she is the founder and moderator of SpTranslators, an extremely popular Yahoo! Group for Spanish translators, as well as the founder and moderator of Legaltranslators, a Yahoo! Group for legal translators of all languages.

As a child, Mary, who is of Lebanese descent, surprised her parents by choosing to study Spanish instead of Arabic because she felt inexplicably drawn to the Spanish language and Latin culture. Although she was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, she has traveled extensively throughout Western Europe, and lived in Madrid, Paris, and Washington, D.C. before embarking on her translation career. She is an accomplished classical pianist and has even been known to sing at a club or two!

Without further ado, we give you Mary Maloof-Fleck on paths to a successful translation career:

Why did you become a translator and what path did you take to get to this point in your career?

Originally, in college and in my early twenties, I never wanted to become a translator, and in fact, had never even considered that career path. I had actually been dreaming of a job with the U.S. State Department as a Foreign Service Officer, and had engineered my entire college career toward that end, with study abroad in Spain and France, a semester of study in foreign affairs at the American University, and an internship with the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. However, for the written portion of the FSO examinations I scored 145 points out of the 146 points I needed to make it to the oral tier, so my dream of becoming an FSO was dashed. I then graduated from college and moved to Washington, DC in 1994, attempting to break into the international relations sector from another angle through applying for jobs as a foreign affairs analyst, and all my efforts went up in smoke there as well. I couldn’t even get a job as an executive assistant at any of the embassies or government offices in town. In my job search I was invited back by people countless times for a second interview, but the jobs always ended up going to someone in-house or to someone they knew. Always the bridesmaid, but never the bride!

In the meantime, I had to pay the rent, so I temped as an executive assistant at the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and numerous think tanks. At one of them, the World Resources Institute, I worked as part of a team that was preparing a report to be submitted to the first Summit of the Americas (Miami Summit). I was asked to translate some articles that a group of Latin American journalists had written on sustainable development projects in Latin America, articles that would be included in this report with their translations. My co-worker, who was responsible for coordinating the articles and communicating with the journalists, had worked as a part-time translator for 20 years, and told me, “Your translations of these articles are excellent. You have a gift. Have you ever considered becoming a translator?” I laughed because I had this picture in my head of translators being these pedantic recluses without a life, huddled behind piles of books that they never emerged from to see the light of day, and I, of course, was not like that. After patiently listening to all my objections and stereotypes, she simply handed me information on the translation certification program at Georgetown University’s Linguistics Department, saying, “Look, just humor me and check it out.” I went to their next orientation session, spoke with the professors, and in two hours’ time, I knew in my heart that this was for me.

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